Difference between revisions of "Battery"

Revision as of 20:30, 10 July 2025

An electric battery is a device that transform chemical energy into electric energy in both directions. It serves to store electric energy by transforming electric energy into chemical energy when it is relatively easy/cheap and release (by transforming back chemical energy into electric energy) it when it is relatively expensive or more needed.

Battery are part of battery energy storage system (BESS): a combination of a battery, power inverters, battery management system (BMS) and energy management system EMS. Other components may include: thermal regulation system,fire protection, electric protection, transformers.

Chemistries

• LFP: lithium iron phosphate
• NMC: lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide
• NCA: lithium nickel Cobalt aluminum oxide
• SIB aka NIB: sodium iron
• VRB aka VFB: vanadium (redox) flow

Key parameters for a battery:

• rated power [kW]
• rated capacity [kWh]
• C-rate
• depth of discharge
• state of charge

Other parameters

• self-discharge
• cycle life (cycle lifetime) and aeging
• cost
• carbon footprint
• impact on critical materials
• impact on local economy
• safety

Parameters for a BESS:

• round-trip efficiency

Other chemistries

• lead acid
• nick cadmium

LFP manufacturers

• BYD
• CATL
• ElevenES,Serbian company, https://elevenes.com/
• SVOLT, SVolt Energy Technology, Chinese company
• Zeekr, brand of Geely (Chinese company)

Bankrupt companies

• Northvolt, US Chapter 11 in 2024 and bankrupcy in 2025 in Sweden.

Regulations

todo

EU:

• battery directive

Standards

todo

Safety

• IEC 62619:2022, Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes - Safety requirements for secondary lithium cells and batteries, for use in industrial applications, link IEC
• UL 1642, see UL 1642 Lithium Batteries Standard: An Overview
• UL 1973
• UL 9540A, UL 9540A Test Method for Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) link UL

Safety