Difference between revisions of "Battery"
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Battery are part of battery energy storage system ([[BESS]]): a combination of a battery, power [[inverter]]s, battery management system ([[BMS]]) and energy management system [[EMS]]. Other components may include: thermal regulation system,fire protection, electric protection, transformers. | Battery are part of battery energy storage system ([[BESS]]): a combination of a battery, power [[inverter]]s, battery management system ([[BMS]]) and energy management system [[EMS]]. Other components may include: thermal regulation system,fire protection, electric protection, transformers. | ||
| + | == History of batteries== | ||
| + | Lead-acid battery, the first rechargeable battery, was invented in 1859 by the French physicist Gaston Planté. In 1881, the French chemical engineer, Camille Alphonse Faure developed an improved version of lead-acid battery. | ||
| − | + | In 1866, French electrical engineer developped a non-rechargeable battery with a manganese dioxide cathode and zinc anode. | |
| + | |||
| + | In the 1990s, [[Sony]] commercialized Lithium Ion recheargeable batteries. | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Chemistries == | ||
| + | |||
| + | Common cathode chemistries | ||
* [[LFP battery|LFP]]: lithium iron phosphate | * [[LFP battery|LFP]]: lithium iron phosphate | ||
| − | * [[ | + | * [[LTO battery|LTO]] |
* [[NCA]]: lithium nickel Cobalt aluminum oxide | * [[NCA]]: lithium nickel Cobalt aluminum oxide | ||
| − | * [[SIB]] aka NIB: sodium | + | |
| + | * [[NMC]]: lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide. Variant include: [[NMC111]], [[NMC622]], [[NMC811]] | ||
| + | * [[SIB]] aka NIB: sodium ion | ||
* [[VRB]] aka VFB: vanadium (redox) flow | * [[VRB]] aka VFB: vanadium (redox) flow | ||
| + | In 2022, LFP, NCA and NMC622 were among the most common chemistries used for electric cars in the European Union [JRC 1] | ||
| + | |||
| + | Other chemistries: | ||
| + | |||
| + | * [[lead acid]] | ||
| + | * [[lithium air]] | ||
| + | * [[nick cadmium]] | ||
| + | * [[NiMh]] | ||
| + | * [[molten salt]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Parameters == | ||
Key parameters for a battery: | Key parameters for a battery: | ||
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* round-trip efficiency | * round-trip efficiency | ||
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| − | * [[ | + | == Bankrupt companies == |
| − | + | * [[Northvolt]], US Chapter 11 in 2024 and bankrupcy in 2025 in [[Sweden]]. | |
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| + | == Plants == | ||
| + | Plants operating in Europe: | ||
| + | * ACC, France | ||
| + | * SAFT (TotalEnergies), France | ||
| + | * [[LG]] Wrocław, Poland. Production started in 2016. | ||
| − | + | See also: https://www.bestmag.co.uk/battery-gigafactories-facing-a-temporary-dip-or-a-full-scale-crisis/ | |
| − | * [[ | + | |
| + | == Regulations == | ||
| + | ''todo'' | ||
| + | |||
| + | EU: | ||
| + | * [[battery directive]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Standards == | ||
| + | ''todo'' | ||
| + | |||
| + | Safety | ||
| + | * [[IEC 62619]]:2022, ''Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes - Safety requirements for secondary lithium cells and batteries, for use in industrial applications'', [https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/64073 link IEC] | ||
| + | * [[UL 1642]], see [https://www.compliancegate.com/ul-1642/ ''UL 1642 Lithium Batteries Standard: An Overview''] | ||
| + | * [[UL 1973]] | ||
| + | * [[UL 9540A]], ''UL 9540A Test Method for Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS)'' [https://www.wbdg.org/FFC/PDFS/FEMPODW071_slidedeck.pdf link UL] | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Safety == | ||
| + | ''todo'' | ||
| + | == References == | ||
| + | * [JRC 1] JRC, [https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC130724 ''Clean Energy Technology Observatory: Batteries for Energy Storage in the European Union – 2022 Status Report on Technology Development, Trends, Value Chains and Markets''], 2022 | ||
[[category:energy]] | [[category:energy]] | ||
Latest revision as of 16:01, 3 August 2025
An electric battery is a device that transform chemical energy into electric energy in both directions. It serves to store electric energy by transforming electric energy into chemical energy when it is relatively easy/cheap and release (by transforming back chemical energy into electric energy) it when it is relatively expensive or more needed.
Battery are part of battery energy storage system (BESS): a combination of a battery, power inverters, battery management system (BMS) and energy management system EMS. Other components may include: thermal regulation system,fire protection, electric protection, transformers.
Contents
History of batteries
Lead-acid battery, the first rechargeable battery, was invented in 1859 by the French physicist Gaston Planté. In 1881, the French chemical engineer, Camille Alphonse Faure developed an improved version of lead-acid battery.
In 1866, French electrical engineer developped a non-rechargeable battery with a manganese dioxide cathode and zinc anode.
In the 1990s, Sony commercialized Lithium Ion recheargeable batteries.
Chemistries
Common cathode chemistries
- NMC: lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide. Variant include: NMC111, NMC622, NMC811
- SIB aka NIB: sodium ion
- VRB aka VFB: vanadium (redox) flow
In 2022, LFP, NCA and NMC622 were among the most common chemistries used for electric cars in the European Union [JRC 1]
Other chemistries:
Parameters
Key parameters for a battery:
- rated power [kW]
- rated capacity [kWh]
- C-rate
- depth of discharge
- state of charge
Other parameters
- self-discharge
- cycle life (cycle lifetime) and aeging
- cost
- carbon footprint
- impact on critical materials
- impact on local economy
- safety
Parameters for a BESS:
- round-trip efficiency
Bankrupt companies
Plants
Plants operating in Europe:
- ACC, France
- SAFT (TotalEnergies), France
- LG Wrocław, Poland. Production started in 2016.
See also: https://www.bestmag.co.uk/battery-gigafactories-facing-a-temporary-dip-or-a-full-scale-crisis/
Regulations
todo
EU:
Standards
todo
Safety
- IEC 62619:2022, Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes - Safety requirements for secondary lithium cells and batteries, for use in industrial applications, link IEC
- UL 1642, see UL 1642 Lithium Batteries Standard: An Overview
- UL 1973
- UL 9540A, UL 9540A Test Method for Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) link UL
Safety
todo
