Battery
An electric battery is a device that transform chemical energy into electric energy in both directions. It serves to store electric energy by transforming electric energy into chemical energy when it is relatively easy/cheap and release (by transforming back chemical energy into electric energy) it when it is relatively expensive or more needed.
Battery are part of battery energy storage system (BESS): a combination of a battery, power inverters, battery management system (BMS) and energy management system EMS. Other components may include: thermal regulation system,fire protection, electric protection, transformers.
Chemistries
Common chemistries
- NMC: lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide. Variant include: NMC111, NMC622, NMC811
- SIB aka NIB: sodium ion
- VRB aka VFB: vanadium (redox) flow
In 2022, LFP, NCA and NMC622 were among the most common chemistries used for electric cars in the European Union [JRC 1]
Other chemistries:
Parameters
Key parameters for a battery:
- rated power [kW]
- rated capacity [kWh]
- C-rate
- depth of discharge
- state of charge
Other parameters
- self-discharge
- cycle life (cycle lifetime) and aeging
- cost
- carbon footprint
- impact on critical materials
- impact on local economy
- safety
Parameters for a BESS:
- round-trip efficiency
LFP manufacturers
- BYD
- CATL
- ElevenES,Serbian company, https://elevenes.com/
- SVOLT, SVolt Energy Technology, Chinese company
- Zeekr, brand of Geely (Chinese company)
Bankrupt companies
Regulations
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EU:
Standards
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Safety
- IEC 62619:2022, Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes - Safety requirements for secondary lithium cells and batteries, for use in industrial applications, link IEC
- UL 1642, see UL 1642 Lithium Batteries Standard: An Overview
- UL 1973
- UL 9540A, UL 9540A Test Method for Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) link UL
Safety
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